In this experiment, sixteen Turkmen horses with average weights of 430±46 kg AND age 7±3 years were used. Four feeding frequencies of 2, 4, 6, AND 8 meals per day were used for a period of 28 days. Data were statistically analyzed based on a completely rANDomized design, AND the results showed that increased feeding frequency led to more stable serum glucose levels throughout the day AND an increase in the digestibility of nutrients (P<0.05). However, ether extract digestibility was not influenced by feeding frequency. Means of CHEWING AND SWALLOWING (per kg DM) of alfalfa were not influenced by feeding frequency. Also, the CHEWING AND SWALLOWING RATES of concentrate for the treatment of 2 meals per day increased (P<0.05). By increasing the feeding frequency, alfalfa intake decreased, but duration of forage intake increased in the treatment of 8 meals per day (P<0.05). In contrast, by increasing the feeding frequency, concentrate intake was increased, but duration of concentrate intake was decreased in the treatment of 8 meals per day (P<0.05). In conclusion, feeding 2 times per day more often resulted in lower digestibility of different nutrients AND less steady-state level of serum glucose than other feeding frequencies.

Objective: Hypertensive emergency is one of the most important conditions in the emergency department with high mortality AND morbidity if not treated effectively. Hypertensive emergency is commonly treated with sublingual nifedipine. This drug is very short acting AND it may decrease blood pressure suddenly, resulting in dangerous side effects such as myocardial ischemia AND sudden cardiac death. We intended to find of a safer route of administration. Therefore, we compared the rate of blood pressure decline following sublingual AND CHEWING-SWALLOWING routes of administration.Subjects AND Methods: A quasi-experimental clinical study was performed on 160 patients with hypertensive emergency. All patients with blood pressure ³210.125 mmHg AND without sign of end organ damage were selected rANDomly into those receiving sublingual or CHEWING-SWALLOWING 10 mg nifedipine capsules. The data collection tools consisted of an information sheet AND a semi-automatic sphygmomanometer. Information sheet had two parts, the first was related to demographic data AND the second part was the check list of blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean) AND heart rate at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 AND 120 minutes after administration. All data include quantitative AND qualitative were analyzed with paired comparison, t-test AND Chi-square.Results: The results of this study showed that there was significantly greater fall in the rate of blood pressure in the sublingually-treated group compared with CHEWING-SWALLOWING group at 5, 10 AND 20 minutes after taking 10 mg nifedipine (P=0.04, 0.01, 0.06 respectively). There was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure between both groups during the time of study. After 30 minutes the fall in systolic AND diastolic blood pressures in both groups was similar. There was no significant difference in heart rate among both groups but there is some trend to the increase the rate. There was 23% decrease in mean basic blood pressure among the patients before AND after treatment in sublingual AND CHEWING-SWALLOWING groups (P=0.0001). There was no significant correlation of blood pressure abatement rate in both groups as dependent variables of age, sex, positive history of risk factors AND current drugs as independent variable.Discussion: The CHEWING-SWALLOWING route may be safer than sublingual route since it reduces pressure less rapidly during the first 20 minutes of administration.

Background AND Aim: Diagnosis AND treatment of feedng AND SWALLOWING abnormalities at early stage after stroke is important issue in rehabilitation. Materials AND Methods: We conducted a search in PMC, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, SID, Google Scholar AND Ovid databases. The present information is available reviewing the articles from 1996 to 2020 through the search of the resources. Results: feeding or SWALLOWING is the act of moving food from the oral cavity to the stomach. It is usually considered to be voluntary, but most swallows occur involuntarily in response to saliva production. SWALLOWING abnormalities or dysphagia occurs in up to half of patients following a stroke AND are a common functional impairment of acute stroke, affecting as many as half of all patients, depending on the timing of the assessment, diagnostic methods AND criteria AND case mix. In most, it is transient with only about 1 in 10 of patients having any SWALLOWING problems at 6 months. Nevertheless, clinical detection of dysphagia may be the more powerful predictor of an increased mortality AND morbidity, including pneumonia, water depletion AND poor nutrition. Dysphagia is associated with aspiration AND associated bronchopulmonary infections, fluid depletion AND malnutrition. A number of studies have suggested that dehydration is associated with dysphagia following a stroke. Speech-language pathologists are important members of the stroke patient’, s rehabilitation team. SLPs diagnose, assess AND ultimately treat disorders related to language, voice, cognition AND the ability to swallow, chew. Conclusion: Speech-language pathologists can help stroke patients relearn to swallow, AND use the muscles necessary to move the tongue AND esophagus, which also play a role in forming sounds in speech.

Background AND Aim: stroke patients suffer from dysphagia, which is the most significant risk factor for the development of pneumonia AND could also delay the patient’, s functional recovery. 1-3 Pneumonia accounts for about 34% of all stroke-related deaths AND is the third-highest causeof death during the first month after a stroke. In the present study we sought to develop a quantitative functional dysphagia scale, based on a videofluoroscopy, which could comprehensively reflect the SWALLOWING functions of stroke patients. Materials AND Methods: This review article is about Quantifying SWALLOWING Function After Stroke from Science Direct, Pro quest AND Pub med Data Bases. 12 articles had been selected according to inclusion criteria from 2011 to 2019 AND 3 of them had been deleted by exclusion criteria. Results: The present study pioneered the development of a functional dysphagia scale using videofluoroscopic results of the acute AND subacute stages of stroke patients. Because of earlier detection AND management of SWALLOWING difficulty in stroke patients, early videofluoroscopy would help reduce the chance of aspiration pneumonia. We believe that the functional dysphagia scale should be evaluated in other diseases. Naturally, this will call for further research. Conclusion: Dysphagia AND aspiration pneumonia frequently occur as poststroke complications. Videofluoroscopy is well suited to studying the anatomy AND physiology of the oral, pharyngeal, AND esophageal stages of deglutition AND to defining management strategies that will improve the dysphagic patient’, s SWALLOWING safety or efficiency.

Background: The present study aims to assess AND compare the reduction in salivary Mutans Streptococci counts after CHEWING Xylitol, herbal AND placebo gums among high school children.Methods: The study was conducted among 72 school children (12–15 years) from 3 rANDomly selected schools (blocks). Xylitol, herbal AND placebo gums were rANDomly allocated to 3 blocks. Subjects were instructed to chew one pellet four times a day for 21 days. The mean reduction insalivary Streptococcus mutans count was assessed.Results: The 100% Xylitol sweetened CHEWING gum “Xylitol” has shown statistically signif icant reduction in salivary Mutans Streptococci colony forming units at the end of 21 days (P<0.01). The reduction was not statistically significant in herbal AND placebo CHEWING gum.Conclusions: Hundred percentage Xylitol sweetened CHEWING gum was found to be more effective in reducing salivary Mutans Streptococci count when compared to herbal AND placebo CHEWING gums.

Introduction: One of the most expensive AND prevalence of chronic diseases is dental caries. In etiology of the dental caries, four factors: 1) carbohydRATES, 2) Bacteria, 3) the decrease of pH AND 4) host resistant time have been considered. Oral saliva has an important AND main role in wetting of oral cavity AND controlling of the four factors. The factor of pH AND rate of saliva affect the growth AND the effect of bacteria on carbohydRATES. Therefore, increasing of pH of the saliva is the important factor in controlling dental caries. In the literature, It has been seen That sugar – free sodium bicarbonate containing CHEWING gum increase the pH of saliva so we evaluate this idea in this research.Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of conventional sugar-free CHEWING gums AND sugar free sodium bicarbonate CHEWING gum AND their effects on salivary PH that which is wanted to enhanced salivary pH through the usage of these 2 kinds of CHEWING gums specially containing bicarbonate being a cheep way to protect dental caries.Materials AND Methods: Sixty volunteers, 60% male AND 40% female were selected. After unstipulated, saliva was collected, from CHEWING either a stANDard or bicarbonate containing gum AND 30 min after finishing the CHEWING. The salivary pH was measured with pH meter for each sample AND was measured for stimulated saliva after 30 min of CHEWING the gums. Statistical analyses used in this research were:1) paired t – test  AND 2) analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: With the stANDard sugar free gum, the mean peak salivary pH was 7.12 with the bicarbonate gum; the peak salivary pH was 7.50. The increase in salivary pH was greater for the bicarbonate gum AND there was not any significantly difference for the mean peak of stimulated saliva between two groups.Conclusion: The increasing in salivary pH with bicarbonate CHEWING gum can have implications for oral health AND prevention of dental caries. It should be evaluated in longitudinal studies AND long – term follows.